Kipchak
Characteristics
- Change of Old Turkic *d to /y/, e.g. Kalmak ayaq 'foot', Kazakh quyrïq 'tail'.
- Labialization of word- and syllable-final */G/ after low vowels, e.g. Bashkir taw 'mountain', Nogay avïz 'mouth'.
- Loss of word-final */G/ after high vowels, e.g. Kumyk ayuv 'bear', Karachay-Balkar ullu 'big'.
- Use of forms for '2' beginning with /e/, rather than /i/, e.g. Yurt Tatar eki. This feature is shared with the Kyrgyz-Altay and Bolgar families.
Tree
Kipchak- Western Kipchak
- †Cuman
- †Armeno-Kipchak
- †Mamluk
- Far Western Kipchak
- Western varieties of Karaim:
- Crimean and Azovian Turkic, with heavy Oghuz admixture:
- Crimean Tatar (Kipchak varieties), with two sub-varieties:
- Orta Crimean Tatar, with heavier Oghuz admixture
- Steppe Crimean Tatar, with less Oghuz admixture
- Crimean Karaim
- Krymchak
- Azovian Urum
- Crimean Tatar (Kipchak varieties), with two sub-varieties:
- Volga-Ural-Caucasus
- Nogay-Central
- Nogay
- Karagash-Nogay
- Yurt Tatar
- Alabugat Tatar
- Central Kipchak
- Siberian Tatar
- Tobol-Irtysh Tatar
- Baraba Tatar
- Tomsk Tatar
- Kalmak, often considered a variety of Tomsk Tatar
References
Schönig, Claus. 2007. “Some notes on Modern Kipchak Turkic (Part 1).” Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher n.s. 21: 170-202.
Schönig, Claus. 2008. “Some notes on Modern Kipchak Turkic (Part 2).” Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher n.s. 22: 109-138.